Association between Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents and Daily Consumption of Soft Drinks: a Brazilian National Study

Abstract Background: Cardiovascular risk in adolescence is a public health problem that has grown along with the increase in soft drink consumption. Objective: To investigate the association between cardiovascular risk factors and daily consumption of soft drinks in Brazilian adolescents. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional, national, school-based study of 36,956 Brazilian adolescents aged 12 to 17 years. Daily soft drink consumption was estimated using a 24-hour dietary recall. Cardiovascular risk was categorized as overweight, obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. The survey command of Stata 14.0® was used to analyze data from a complex sample. The chi-square test was used to assess differences in soft drink consumption and other variables in the descriptive analysis. The odds ratio of cardiovascular risk factors and their respective 95% confidence intervals were estimated, considering sociodemographic and behavioral variables in the Mantel-Haenszel model. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Daily consumption of soft drinks was common among adolescents. A daily serving ≥ 450 mL was significantly associated with overweight and hypertension. Results associated with the consumption of regular soft drinks show the possibility of reverse causality. Consumption of diet soft drinks in adolescence should be considered a cardiovascular risk factor. Conclusion: Daily consumption of soft drinks can be understood as a relevant risk factor in the epidemiological scenario. Improper eating habits are multifactorial in nature and need to be better understood in the context of adolescent health and further explored in national surveys.

Idas y venidas del diseño de la política de alimentación saludable en el Perú: análisis comparativo de sus documentos regulatorios / The comings and goings of the design of the healthy eating policy in Peru: a comparative analysis of its regulatory documents

La venta de productos ultraprocesados y el sobrepeso y la obesidad han aumentado en América Latina en los últimos años. En el Perú, se aprobó la Ley N° 30021 en busca de reducir el sobrepeso y la obesidad en niños y adolescentes, sin embargo, el desarrollo de esta Ley se caracterizó por tener continuas modificaciones en los diversos documentos elaborados. El propósito de este artículo es identificar cambios esenciales en los documentos elaborados por el Gobierno y el Congreso en el marco de la Ley N° 30021, específicamente en los temas de regulación de la publicidad de alimentos y bebidas no alcohólicas, advertencias publicitarias y parámetros técnicos de nutrientes críticos. Los cambios identificados en los diferentes documentos muestran el dinamismo en el desarrollo de esta política donde la falta de evidencia científica oportuna, la oposición de la industria alimentaria y la falta de consenso político fueron los principales motivos.

The sale of ultra-processed products has increased in Latin America in recent years, as well as the prevalence of overweight and obesity. In Peru, Law No. 30021 passed in an attempt to reduce overweight and obesity in children and adolescents; however, the development of this law was characterized by constant modifications to the documents prepared in this regard. This article aims to identify essential modifications in the documents elaborated by the Government and the Congress within the timeframe of Law No. 30021, particularly those regarding the regulation of food and non-alcoholic beverage advertising, advertising warnings and technical parameters of critical nutrients. The lack of timely scientific evidence, the opposition by the food industry and the lack of political consensus were the main reasons for the detected modifications, which shows the dynamism during the development of this policy.

Association between the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and food markers: National Dietary Survey 2008-2009 / Associação entre o consumo de bebidas adoçadas e marcadores da alimentação: Inquérito Nacional de Alimentação 2008-2009

Abstract We aimed to analyze the association between sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption with healthy food markers (HFM) and unhealthy food markers (UFM) as well as their impact on these markers in the Brazilian population's diet. Food consumption during two nonconsecutive days of food records of individuals aged ten years or over were investigated in the National Dietary Survey 2008-2009 (n = 32,900) and the caloric contributions of HFM and UFM were distributed according to the categories of SSB consumption. Multiple linear regression was applied to analyze the associations between the consumption of SSB and the impact of a 50% reduction in portion size and dietary markers. The contribution of energy from HFM was higher among individuals who did not consume SSB. A 50% reduction in the average portion of SSB in the population would imply a 6% decrease in energy contribution to the diet and 12% decrease in total energy from added sugar. It would increase the consumption of HFM and dietary fiber by 7g and 4g, respectively. A 50% reduction in SSB serving size is a strategy that could improve the quality of the diet, increase the consumption of HFM and fiber and reduce the consumption of sugar and UFM.

Resumo Analisar a associação entre o consumo de bebidas adoçadas (BA) e marcadores da alimentação saudável ​​(MAS) e não saudável ​​(MANS), bem como seu impacto sobre esses marcadores na dieta da população brasileira. Os dados de consumo alimentar foram analisados ​​por meio de registros alimentares de dois dias não consecutivos em indivíduos com 10 anos ou mais de idade investigados no Inquérito Nacional de Alimentação (INA) de 2008-2009 (n = 32.900). As BA, as contribuições calóricas dos MAS e MANS foram distribuídas de acordo com as categorias de consumo das BA. A regressão linear múltipla foi aplicada para analisar associações entre o consumo de BA e o impacto de uma redução de 50% no tamanho da porção e marcadores da alimentação. A contribuição da energia dos MAS foi maior entre os indivíduos que não consumiam BA. A redução de 50% na porção média das BA na população implicaria uma diminuição de 6% na contribuição de energia da dieta, de 12% na energia total do açúcar de adição e teria um aumento no consumo de MAS e fibra alimentar em 7g e 4g, respectivamente. A redução de 50% no tamanho da porção das BA seria uma estratégia para melhorar a qualidade da dieta, aumentar o consumo de MAS e fibra e reduzir o consumo de açúcar e MANS.

Sponsorship by food and beverage companies in soccer: an analysis of the 2019 Copa América / Patrocínio por empresas de alimentos e bebidas no futebol: análise da Copa América 2019

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To identify the sponsorship by food and beverage companies of the teams participating in the 2019 Copa América Soccer Cup and associate this sponsorship with characteristics of the teams and their respective countries. METHODS The sponsors of the 10 teams participating in the 46th edition of the Copa América were identified. These entities were classified into (i) food companies, (ii) alcoholic beverage companies, and (iii) other segments. The food companies were classified according to their products, according to the NOVA classification. In addition, data on the number of titles previously won by the teams in the Copa America and the World Cup were obtained, as well as data on the countries' Human Development Index, annual per capita sales of ultra-processed foods, and annual per capita consumption of alcoholic beverages. RESULTS A total of 89 sponsorships were identified for the 10 teams studied, some of these supporting two or more teams. Eighteen percent of the sponsors were food companies, with 12.4% being ultra-processed foods. The alcoholic beverage category represented 7.9% of the sponsors. Ultra-processed beverage and alcoholic beverage companies sponsored seven of the 10 teams studied. We noted higher participation of ultra-processed foods company sponsors in teams from countries with higher Human Development Index, sales of ultra-processed foods, and number of Copa América and World Cup titles. The sponsorship by alcoholic beverage companies was higher for teams from countries with lower Human Development Index, alcohol consumption, and number of Copa América and World Cup titles. CONCLUSION A significant presence of ultra-processed food and alcoholic beverage companies as sponsors of South American soccer teams was noted, along with the fact that sport performance characteristics of the teams and socioeconomic and market issues of the countries are associated with the occurrence of sponsorship.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Identificar o patrocínio por empresas do setor de alimentos e bebidas das seleções participantes da Copa América de Futebol 2019 e associar esse patrocínio a características das seleções e de seus respectivos países. MÉTODOS Foram identificados os patrocinadores das 10 seleções participantes da 46ª edição da Copa América de Futebol. Essas entidades foram classificadas em empresas i) de alimentos, ii) de bebidas alcoólicas e iii) de outros segmentos. As empresas de alimentos foram classificadas de acordo com seus produtos, segundo a classificação NOVA. Além disso, dados sobre o número de títulos anteriormente conquistados pelas seleções na Copa América e na Copa do Mundo foram obtidos, assim como dados do índice de desenvolvimento humano, de venda anual per capita de alimentos ultraprocessados e de consumo anual per capita de bebidas alcoólicas dos países. RESULTADOS Um total de 89 patrocínios foram identificados para as 10 seleções estudadas, alguns desses apoiando duas ou mais equipes. Dezoito por cento dos patrocinadores eram empresas de alimentos, sendo 12,4% de alimentos ultraprocessados. A categoria de bebidas alcoólicas representou 7,9% dos patrocinadores. As empresas de bebidas ultraprocessadas e as de bebidas alcoólicas patrocinaram sete das 10 seleções estudadas. Notou-se maior participação de patrocinadores de empresas de alimentos ultraprocessados em seleções de países com maior índice de desenvolvimento humano, venda de alimentos ultraprocessados e número de títulos de Copa América e Copa do Mundo. Já o patrocínio por empresas de bebidas alcoólicas foi maior em seleções de países com menor índice de desenvolvimento humano, consumo de álcool e número de títulos em Copa América e Copa do Mundo. CONCLUSÃO Evidenciou-se uma presença significativa de empresas de alimentos ultraprocessados e de bebidas alcoólicas como patrocinadores das seleções sul-americanas de futebol e que as características de desempenho esportivo das seleções e questões socioeconômicas e de mercado dos países se associam à ocorrência do patrocínio.

Identificación de brechas en gestión de la innovación en empresas de Alimentos y Bebidas en Caldas / Identification of gaps in innovation management in Food and Beverage companies in Caldas / Identifcação de gaps na gestão da inovação em empresas de Alimentos e Bebidas em Caldas

RESUMEN El programa de Alianzas para la Innovación desarrollado en el Eje Cafetero Colombiano, con el apoyo del Ministerio de Ciencias y la Cámara de Comercio de Manizales por Caldas fomenta la mentalidad y la cultura innovadora y el cierre de brechas en innovación. Los impactos de este programa, para el sector de Alimentos y Bebidas de Caldas, fueron evaluados en este estudio, producto de una investigación aplicada, de tipo descriptivo, en 16 micro, medianas y pequeñas empresas (Mipymes) donde se realizó la caracterización de las capacidades e indicadores de innovación, la identificación de beneficios, impulsores, barreras e impactos del programa y las brechas en gestión de la innovación. Los hallazgos evidencian avances en mentalidad y cultura innovadora, pero se requiere una mayor alineación con la estrategia organizacional, así como la definición de portafolios y proyectos de innovación. La participación de las Mipymes en programas como Pactos por la Innovación y Sistemas de Innovación es clave, para una mayor apropiación de la Ruta de la Innovación y consolidar la gestión de la innovación, eje fundamental de la competitividad regional. CLASIFICACIÓN JEL 031, O32

ABSTRACT The Alliances for Innovation program developed in the Colombian Coffee-growing Axis with the support of the Ministry of Sciences and the Chamber of Commerce of Manizales for Caldas, fosters an innovative mindset and culture and the closing of innovation gaps. The impacts of this program for the Food and Beverage sector in Caldas were evaluated in this study, as a result of an applied, descriptive research in 16 micro, medium and small enterprises (MSMEs) where the characterization of innovation capabilities and indicators, the identification of benefits, drivers, barriers and impacts of the program and the gaps in innovation management were carried out. The findings show progress in innovative mindset and culture, but a greater alignment with organizational strategy is required, as well as the definition of innovation portfolios and projects. The participation of MSMEs in programs such as Innovation Pacts and Innovation Systems is key for a greater appropriation of the Innovation Route and to consolidate innovation management, a fundamental axis of regional competitiveness. JEL CLASSIFICATION 031, O32

RESUMO O programa Aliança para a Inovação, desenvolvido na região cafeeira colombiana, com o apoio do Ministério das Ciências e da Câmara de Comércio de Manizales por Caldas, fomenta uma mentalidade e cultura inovadoras e elimina lacunas de inovação. Os impactos deste programa, para o setor de Caldas Alimentos e Bebidas, foram avaliados neste estudo, como resultado de uma pesquisa aplicada e descritiva, em l6 micro, médias e pequenas empresas (MPMEs) onde foi realizada a caracterização das capacidades e indicadores de inovação, identificação dos benefícios, motivadores, barreiras e impactos do programa e lacunas na gestão da inovação. Os resultados mostram avanços na mentalidade e cultura inovadoras, mas é necessário um maior alinhamento com a estratégia organizacional, bem como a definição de portfólios e projetos de inovação. A participação das MPMEs em programas como os Pactos de Inovação e Sistemas de Inovação é fundamental, para uma maior apropriação da Rota da Inovação e consolidação da gestão da inovação, eixo fundamental da competitividade regional. CLASSIFICÃO JEL 031, O32

Ingesta de azúcares agregados a lo largo del ciclo vital según nivel de ingreso. Análisis de dos encuestas poblacionales de la Argentina / Added sugar intake throughout life cycle by income level. Analysis of two population surveys of Argentina

Introducción: la ingesta elevada de azúcares agregados se asocia con enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. El objetivo fue analizar la ingesta de azúcares agregados en la población argentina por etapa del ciclo vital y según nivel de ingreso, e identificar las principales fuentes alimentarias. Materiales y método: estudio descriptivo y transversal, basado en datos secundarios. Se analizó información recolectada en la Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición y Salud 2005, y la Primera Encuesta Alimentaria Nutricional de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires 2011. Se calculó la ingesta total de azúcares agregados, expresado en gramos por día y proporción de la energía total diaria. Se identificaron los principales alimentos o bebidas aportadores de azúcares agregados. La ingesta se comparó con las recomendaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y se estratificó según el quintil de ingresos per cápita del hogar. Se realizó análisis estadístico descriptivo considerando la ponderación muestral, la asociación fue evaluada mediante análisis de regresión lineal y logística. Resultados: se observó asociación entre la ingesta de azúcares agregados y el nivel de ingresos, con cambios en el consumo a lo largo del ciclo vital, alcanzando el máximo durante la adolescencia. El consumo promedio fue superior al límite máximo recomendado en los grupos etarios evaluados, excepto en los adultos mayores de 60 años. El azúcar de mesa, gaseosas y jugos fueron las principales fuentes. Discusión: el elevado consumo de azúcares agregados observado y su asociación con el nivel de ingresos requiere estrategias acordes a las características de cada grupo poblacional(AU).

Introduction: high consumption of added sugars is associated with non-communicable diseases. The objective was to analyze the added sugar intake by life cycle and income level in the Argentine population, and to identify the main food sources. Materials and methods: a descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out based in secondary data, the National Survey of Nutrition and Health 2005 and the First Food and Nutrition Survey of Buenos Aires City 2011. Added sugar intake was calculated, expressed in grams per day and proportion of total daily energy. Principal foods and beverages sources of added sugars were identified. Added sugar intake was compared with the World Health Organization´s recommendations, considering income quintile by household member. A descriptive statistical analysis was carried out considering the sample weight, the association was evaluated by linear and logistic regression analysis. Results: an association was found between added sugar intake and income level, with changes throughout the life cycle, with a highest consumption during adolescence. The average consumption was higher than the recommendations in the age groups evaluated, except in adults over 60s. Table sugar and sweetened beverages were the main sources. Conclusion: the high consumption of added sugars observed and its association with income level requires strategies according to the characteristics on each population group(AU).

Oferta y publicidad de alimentos y bebidas en instituciones educativas y entornos escolares de Lima Metropolitana. Un estudio exploratorio / Food and beverage supply and advertising in schools and their surroundings in Metropolitan Lima. An exploratory study

Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue describir la oferta y la publicidad de alimentos y bebidas en instituciones educativas y entornos escolares de 15 colegios públicos y privados de Lima en 2019. Se realizaron observaciones inopinadas y se registraron los alimentos ofrecidos, la presencia de advertencias publicitarias, octógonos y la publicidad en quioscos y cafeterías. A la hora de salida se observó la venta ambulatoria de alimentos. Todas las escuelas ofrecían productos ultraprocesados, el 73,3% vendía alimentos con octógonos y el 60% tenía publicidad de alimentos procesados y ultraprocesados. En el 86,7% de los colegios había vendedores ambulantes de alimentos, varios de los alimentos eran productos ultraprocesados. Los resultados sugieren un ambiente alimentario no saludable dentro y alrededor de las escuelas, y el incumplimiento de la regulación actual. Resulta necesario mejorar la difusión y supervisión de la política alimentaria, y construir con las escuelas estrategias para promover una alimentación saludable.

Abstract This study aimed to describe the supply and advertising of foods and beverages both inside educational institutions and in their respective local areas in 15 public and private schools in Lima during 2019. Unbiased observations were recorded regarding the types of food available, the presence of octagons, and advertisements used in kiosks and cafeterias. Mobile food vendors were observed at the end of the school day. All schools offered processed products, 73.3% sold food with octagons, and 60% displayed advertising for processed and ultraprocessed foods. Mobile food vendors were observed in 86.7% of schools, several of which were found to sell ultraprocessed products. The results suggest an unhealthy food environment both inside and outside schools, and a noncompliance with current regulations. It is therefore necessary to improve the dissemination and supervision of the food policy, and develop strategies with schools to promote healthy eating.

Methodologies for assessing the household food availability in the context of food (in)security: a systematic review / Metodologias de avaliação da disponibilidade de alimentos no domicílio no contexto da (in)segurança alimentar: uma revisão sistemática

Abstract This article aims to identify the methods used to assess household food availability in studies on food and nutritional security and to discuss its methodological aspects. Systematic review elaborated according to the PRISMA method. We searched at PubMed; Scielo and Lilacs databases, and studies that used methods of assessing the availability of food at home were included. In the end, 19 papers composed the review. Food availability was predominantly assessed for a seven days period and from a single data measurement. Other variables were also observed in the studies, such as socio-demographic data and expenditure on food. Among the limitations to assess the food availability at home, we can highlight the difficulty in measuring the food distribution among family members and the lack of information on the variability of this availability. Such assessment can be improved by investigating the strengths and weaknesses of the instruments for greater detail and accuracy of the information. We recommend the development and validation of specific instruments capable of effectively measure the food availability at the household level.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é identificar métodos empregados para a avaliação da disponibilidade de alimentos no âmbito domiciliar em estudos sobre segurança alimentar e nutricional e discutir seus aspectos metodológicos. Revisão sistemática elaborada segundo o método PRISMA. Realizou-se busca nas bases de dados PubMed, SciELO e Lilacs, tendo sido incluídos estudos que empregaram métodos de avaliação da disponibilidade de alimentos no domicílio. Ao final, 19 artigos compuseram a revisão. A disponibilidade de alimentos foi avaliada predominantemente para um período de sete dias e a partir de única medição dos dados. Outras variáveis também foram observadas nos estudos, como dados sociodemográficos e de despesas com os alimentos. Dentre as limitações para a avaliação da disponibilidade domiciliar de alimentos, destaca-se a dificuldade de mensuração da distribuição de alimentos entre os membros da família e a falta de informação sobre a variabilidade desta disponibilidade. Tal avaliação pode ser melhorada através da investigação de pontos fortes e fracos dos instrumentos para maior detalhamento e precisão das informações. Recomenda-se o desenvolvimento e a validação de instrumentos específicos capazes de mensurar efetivamente a disponibilidade de alimentos em nível domiciliar.

Urbano y rural: diferencias en la alimentación de los hogares argentinos según nivel de ingreso y área de residencia / Urban and rural: differences in the diet of Argentine households according to income level and area of residence

RESUMEN El entorno y el nivel socioeconómico son determinantes del comportamiento alimentario porque inciden en la disponibilidad, la accesibilidad y las preferencias alimentarias. Con el objetivo de describir el consumo aparente de alimentos y la disponibilidad de energía y nutrientes de hogares urbanos y rurales de la Argentina, según su nivel de ingresos, se analizó la Encuesta Nacional de Gastos de los Hogares 2004-2005. Se calculó el consumo aparente promedio de alimentos y bebidas en gramos o mililitros de peso neto por adulto equivalente por día, de hogares urbanos y rurales, y según quintil de ingresos per cápita del hogar. El 7% fueron hogares rurales, y presentaron mayor proporción de familias con bajos ingresos respecto a los urbanos. Existe un patrón de consumo aparente de alimentos y bebidas distinto entre hogares rurales y urbanos de Argentina, y además existen diferencias entre los hogares según el nivel de ingresos en ambos entornos. Conocer los contrastes y su magnitud es de gran utilidad para buscar estrategias tendientes a mejorar la alimentación de la población.

ABSTRACT The environment and the socioeconomic level are determinants of eating behavior because they affect availability, accessibility and food preferences. In order to describe the apparent consumption of food and the availability of energy and nutrients in urban and rural households in Argentina according to their income level, the 2004-2005 National Household Expenditure Survey was analyzed. The average apparent consumption of food and beverages was calculated in grams or milliliters of net weight per adult equivalent per day, for urban and rural households, and by household income per capita quintiles. Rural households made up 7% of the sample, and had a higher proportion of low-income families than urban households. There is different pattern of apparent consumption of food and beverages among rural and urban households in Argentina, and there are also differences between households according to the level of income in both environments. Knowing the content and magnitude of these contrasts is of great use in looking for strategies to improve the population's diet.

Cambios en el patrón de consumo de alimentos y bebidas en Argentina, 1996-2013 / Changes in the food and beverage consumption pattern in Argentina, 1996-2013

RESUMEN El patrón alimentario de la población se ha modificado en los últimos años como consecuencia de cambios culturales y en la accesibilidad a los alimentos. Con el objetivo de describir los cambios en el patrón de consumo de alimentos y bebidas en las últimas dos décadas en Argentina, se analizó la Encuesta Nacional de Gastos de los Hogares de los años 1996-1997, 2004-2005 y 2012-2013. Se estimó el consumo aparente promedio de alimentos y bebidas en gramos o mililitros de peso neto por adulto equivalente para cada período. La variación en la cantidad de alimentos y bebidas disponibles para consumo entre 1996 y 2013 muestra un cambio en la estructura del patrón de dieta, que parece indicar un cambio en la forma de comprar, preparar y consumir los alimentos, relacionado con una mayor practicidad, más accesibilidad y menos tiempo dedicado a la preparación de los alimentos.

ABSTRACT The dietary pattern of the population has shifted in recent years as a result of cultural changes and modifications in food accessibility. In order to describe the changes in food and beverage consumption patterns in the last two decades in Argentina, the National Survey of Household Expenditure [Encuesta Nacional de Gastos de los Hogares] was analyzed for the periods 1996-1997, 2004-2005 and 2012-2013. The average apparent consumption of food and beverages in grams or milliliters of net weight per adult equivalent was estimated for each period. The variation in the amount of food and beverages available for consumption between 1996 and 2013 shows that the structure of the dietary pattern has changed, appearing to indicate shifts in the ways of buying, preparing and consuming foods related to greater convenience and accessibility and less time spent on food preparation.

Los alimentos y bebidas ultra-procesados que ingresan a Colombia por el tratado de libre comercio: ¿influirán en el peso de los colombianos? / Ultra-processed foods and beverages products entering Colombia through international trade agreements: Will they have an impact on the weight of colombians?

Ultra-processed products are characterized by high contents of sugar, saturated fat and sodium. These products are entering the Colombian market through free trade agreements. One concern related to their consumption is the impact on weight gain and comorbidities associated with overweight and obesity, as well as changes in cultural habits and food sovereignty Scientific evidence has documented that consumption of ultra processed products contributes to chronic disease, thus increasing health care costs of treatment and rehabilitation. We must implement public policies that protect and inform the consumer, increasing the access and the right to a healthy diet, while reducing consumption of ultra-processed products such as sugar sweetened beverages and snacks. Inter-sectorial strategies are needed to face the potential purchasing and consumption patterns changes, promoting the development of food systems that recognize local dynamics of production. Increase control over the type and quality of ultra-processed products that are entering the country, and promote actions, along with food and nutrition education are also needed.

Los alimentos ultra-procesados se caracterizan por su alto contenido de azúcares, grasas saturadas y sodio. Estos alimentos están ingresando a Colombia por los Tratados de Libre Comercio (TLC). Una preocupación de su consumo es el impacto en la ganancia de peso progresiva y las comorbilidades asociadas al sobrepeso y la obesidad, así como el cambio de hábitos culturales y la soberanía alimentaria. La evidencia científica destaca que estos alimentos pueden generar enfermedades crónicas lo que incrementa los costos sanitarios debido al tratamiento y rehabilitación. Es necesario formular políticas públicas que protejan y orienten al consumidor, facilitando el acceso y el derecho a una alimentación saludable y mitigando el consumo de productos ultra-procesados como las bebidas azucaradas y los empaquetados. Se requieren estrategias y actores intersectoriales para hacer frente a los posibles cambios de compra y consumo, promover el desarrollo de sistemas alimentarios que reconozcan las dinámicas locales de producción. Realizar vigilancia y control sobre los productos ultra-procesados que ingresan al país y promover acciones de educación alimentaria y nutricional.

In vitro analysis of ph and titratable acidity of yoghurts and milk beverages

Objective:To analyze pH, titratable acidity and carbohydrate and calcium amounts in yoghurts and milk beverages. Materials and Methods:twelve types of yoghurts and eight milk beverages were analyzed. The beverages’ pH was measured and samples were divided into two groups: Group 1: samples with pH<4.0; Group 2 samples with pH>4.0. The acidity of each drink was determined by titration. Calcium and carbohydrate rates were obtained from label information. pH, acidity, calcium and carbohydrates were compared in two groups of beverages (G1: pH<4.0; G2: pH>4.0) and analyzed according to the distribution pattern according to Shapiro-Wilk ́s test, whereas homogeneity of variances was performed by Levene's test at 0.05 significance level. Results:Overall analysis of the variables classified the beverages in 4 groups: A, B, C and D. Samples in group A had the best results: high pH, low acidity, high calcium amounts and few carbohydrates. On the other hand, samples in group D had low pH, high acidity, low calcium amounts and high carbohydrate rates. Conclusion:The three samples under analysis, two yoghurts and one milk beverage, join factors that may lead to the development of dental erosion

Estudo in vitro da ação da água de coco e caldo de cana sobre a superfície de restaurações estéticas / In vitro study of the action of coconut water and sugarcane juice on the surface of esthetic restorations

Objetivo: Avaliar, em microscopia eletrônica de varredura, a ação da água de coco e do caldo de cana sobre a superfície de restaurações estéticas. Método: A amostra foi constituída por 120 corpos-de-prova (CP), sendo: 40 CP de resina composta (RC), 40 CP de Cimento de Ionômero de Vidro (CIV) convencional e 40 CP de CIV resinoso. Os CP foram submetidos às bebidas e ao controle positivo (Coca-Cola®) em três intervalos de exposição: 5, 15 e 30 minutos. Após exposição, os CP foram preparados para avaliação em microscopia eletrônica de varredura, tendo sido os dados analisados descritivamente, considerando-se as alterações qualitativas da amostra. Resultados: Evidenciaram-se alterações promovidas pelo caldo de cana na superfície da RC nos tempos de 15 e 30 minutos e, na superfície do CIV convencional, nos três períodos de exposição. A água de coco apenas afetou a superfície da RC nos intervalos de 15 e 30 minutos. A superfície das restaurações de CIV modificado por resina não apresentou condições de avaliação em nenhum dos intervalos de tempo. Conclusão: O caldo de cana foi capaz de promover alteração superficial na RC e no CIV convencional, enquanto a água de coco apenas afetou a superfície da RC.

Purpose: To evaluate, under scanning electron microscopy (SEM),the action of coconut water and sugarcane juice on the surface of esthetic restorations.Method: The sample consisted of 120 specimens, being 40 composite resin (CR) specimens, 40 conventional glass ionomercement (GIC) specimens and 40 resin-modified GIC specimens.The specimens were submitted to the beverages and to the positive control (Coca-Cola©) at three exposure intervals: 5, 15 and 30minutes. After exposure, the specimens were prepared for SEM analysis. Data were analyzed descriptively considering the qualitative alterations of the sample.Results: There were alterations promoted by the sugarcane juice on the surface of the CR at the time points of 15 and 30 minutes and, on the surface of the conventional GIC at the three exposure periods. The coconut water only affected the surface of the CR at15- and 30-minute intervals. The surface of the resin-modified GIC restorations did not present conditions to be evaluated at any of the time points.Conclusions: The sugarcane juice was able to promote surface alteration on the conventional GIC and CR, while the coconut wateraffected only the CR surface.